RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Special Articles / Dr. Kannekanti Parameshwar, Dr. M. Purvachar / Social Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities and Their Rehabilitation in Karnataka

2.1:    Statement Of The Problem: The Statement Of The Problem Taken Up Is “A STUDY OF SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THEIR REHABILITATION IN KARNATAKA.”

2.2:    Need Of The Problem Study: It is likely to study the impact of the problem by shedding some light on the disabled as an individual in his environment, member of own family, member of peer group and member of community in the society and satisfaction of the rehabilitation services rendered by various organizations and influence on his attitude change and discriminated by the society at large.  Therefore, to boost their abilities, the problem identification and solving technique is to be adopted.  An in-depth study is required to put forth the identified social problem (i.e. social discrimination of disabled) is to be eradicated and bring them to mainstream.  Therefore, the following factors are also to be studied.

In our day to day life we see the disabled people sporadically in public places.  This phenomenon is not apparent in our country but it is apparent all over the world.  The moment we see them something we feel sympathetic towards them.  We will try to help them.  Some times we may observe that they are independent in their activities of daily living.  We could seen while a totally blind person crossing the road without the help of others. We could come across while two totally hearing impaired persons talking in sign language.  We could seen a loco-motor disabled walking with limps or with the help of crutches, tricycles, etc. We could also seen a laughing dependent boy/girl with different posture. We could also seen the above categories of people form into their own minority group; isolate/deviate, waiting for societies help as a weaker section. Why they are behaving like that?  Why they are different in their figure and posture?  Why they are different in their attitude?  Why they become disabled?  How impairments taken place?  How they are discriminated by society?  Why they are not coming to the mainstream? What are the areas they are discriminated? How to rehabilitate them and bring them to mainstream? These are the questions ringing in ours mind.  In addition to these, we should know that what are the rehabilitation services and facilities available to them.  What are the problems implied in the implementation of these programs.  Why these policies are not reaching at their door steps? Why these people are differentiated in implementation of these policies which exclusively formulated for them?  Ultimately, we should also identify the factors which affect the overall development and attitudinal changes in disabled and abled.  Being disabled, they are lagging behind development.  Hence, it would like to know the factors, what influence on disabled directly or indirectly to eradicate the social discrimination, which is acting as a barrier to lead happy life. This study emphasizes how to reach the rehabilitation services at their doorsteps without discrimination. 

To find the answers to the above questions, the present study would like to know the impact of family environment, living community and places at education, working environment, and social policies as a whole definitely shows some impact on disabled persons in their activities of daily living.  They are somewhere over discriminated by treating ‘dis-abled’.  This social practice discourages the interest of the disabled.  Many places, disabled persons denigrated and kept aside or isolated or deviated from the mainstream.  They need support to become independent and able individuals.

Most researchers in social science are to develop abilities and reduce disabilities. These physical and sensory abilities create individual differences and also people with differential abilities. The development of social personality, and the direction and intensity of social, moral and ethical behavior of differentially able are considered basically the function of disability and the attitude constitutes the core of social behaviour. 

This research study is designed not only to understand the social discrimination and availability of rehabilitation services to the disabled people in Karnataka in true perspective but also to manage the disability sector empirically, realistically and scientifically. The better way to tackle this is (i) to identify the negative attitudes and causes of social discrimination, (ii) to assess these negative attitudes with intensity, (iii) to erase these negative one by affirmative ones. Further, the research problem accepted is a significant one in India not only because this deals with a minority  class but also tries to : 

1. Establish whether the disability related to poverty,
2. Establish whether discrimination is related to disability,
3. Establish whether discrimination is related to attitude, 
4. Establish whether discrimination is related to abilities,
5. Establish whether discrimination is related to disfigure,
6. Establish whether discrimination is related to behaviour of family members,
7. Establish whether discrimination is related to behaviour of peer group,
8. Establish whether discrimination is related to community people,
9. Establish whether discrimination is related to place of education,
10. Establish whether discrimination is related to place of work,
11. Establishing whether discrimination is related to professional behaviour while rehabilitation, 
12. Establish whether self-concept is related to self-discrimiination, and
13. Establish a relation whether the rehabilitaion services and their satisfaction in state.

The social discrimination directly effects individual’s psychological development, social development, personality development, which deteriorates and develops inferiority complex.  This is a bottleneck of his versatile personality development and to survive as an individual in the society.   Besides, whether multi-disciplinary approaches in disabled rehabilitation implemented by the instruments of the Government, non-Government Organizations reaching at their door steps or not?  Whether, they are at optimum level or not, are also a question of study?  While implementing those policies, there may chances to discriminate them as disabled.  The test of the above is need of the study. 

2.3: Objectives Of The Study: This study intends to examine the factors associated with the different types of disabilities, different degrees of discrimination, different areas of discrimination and rehabilitation among the disabled persons. The study is quantitative, descriptive, elaborative, and exploratory in nature as a whole it is a scientific one. An attempt has been made to explore the interplay of factors associated with discrimination. This study broadly seeks to examine the influence of social discrimination against PWD in their life and under the umbrella of society, institutions and social policies with respect to Disability Rehabilitation in Karnataka. The following are the objectives of the study:-

1. To know the influence of discrimination against disabled with respect to their poverty, as a social factor.
2. To know the impact of discrimination of family members, peer group, community and society as a whole against disabled.
3. To know the nature of physical and psychological adjustment of the disabled to society.
4. To study the various approaches or policies or schemes or facilities effective in the rehabilitation of disabled in Karnataka.
5. To know the nature of discrimination against disabled in the field of education, employment, paid-employment, vocational training, physical restoration etc. by the Government and Non-government organizations.
6. To study the rights of the disabled in all walks of life as well as to inquire the opportunities of employment and their integration into society.
7. To check the preventive measures of discrimination and disability in the process of the rehabilitation of disabled.

2.4: Working Hypotheses Of The Study:  Hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence or some specified group of phenomena either “asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts.”1 

The term hypothesis can be defined as a proposition or tentative solutions or answers or generalizations which are yet to be tested2. Hypothesis is a proposition that can then be tested to determine its validity3. 

For the present study specific hypothesis has been adopted to test the data.  However, the concepts of the study reflect that there are some common elements in all disabilities regard less of their nature and extent. Functional limitations are some times social limitations that result from disease and disability. Disability may create greater problems of adaptation for disabled cases in comparison to non disabled cases such as women, color, creed, of some individuals may adopt better than others even if the nature and degree of handicap is same. The following research hypothesis will be kept in view for examining the data.

1. Poverty and Social Discrimination are inter-related.
2. Treatment of family members, friends and colleagues influence the attitudes of disabled are inter-linked in day-to-day life.
3. Social, Economical, Political, Psychological, Administrative policies and versatile development of disabled are related.
4. Rehabilitation or Supportive services rather than sympathy and satisfaction of the disabled are related.
5. Self-awareness of disabled about their disability and rehabilitation services and facilities available to them reduce the dependency.

These hypotheses will be tested in one or the other statistical procedure.  If in case it is not possible to go through these hypotheses the reformulation of hypotheses will take place. 

2.5:    Target Group:  The PWD will form the target group of this study. The word “Persons with Disabilities” includes visual impaired, hearing impaired, loco motor disabled (includes cured leprosy) and mentally retarded.   

2.6: Boundaries Of The Study: This study has boundaries to following areas: 

1. The study is confined to those PWD as defined in the sampling target group;
2. The study is confined to the PWD as defined in the sampling distribution;
3. The study is confined to the PWD age of 18 years and above;
4. The study is confined to the PWD of both sexes;
5. The study is confined to the PWD having disability 40% and above; and
6. the study is confined to the PWD resides in any part of Karnataka;

2.7: Delimitations Of The Study: This study has delimitations to following areas:

1. Those PWD having less than 40% disability are left out; Those PWD having less than 40% disability are left out, because the PWD Act clearly mentioned that above 40% deformity is considered as disabled.  Hence, this is delimited from the study4.
2. The study is not confined to any education/qualification of the PWD; the study is not confined to any education/qualification as a pre-requisite to become a respondent for this study except as mentioned one should become a disabled as per PWD Act.  Therefore, this is delimited from the study.
3. The study is not confined to any particular language; The study is not confined to any particular language of the respondent possesses.  The respondent will be explained the interview schedule in his language to tender the responses.  That is why; this is also delimited from the study.
4. The study is not confined to compare the both sexes; The study is not confined to compare the both sexes.  There is apparent discrimination against sex, race, color, creed, etc in the society.  Especially, discrimination against women is double loss in the society.  Even though, it is not the main factor to find out.   As a whole the discrimination is common to men and women in generic concept hence there is no special emphasis.  Therefore, this is delimited from this study.
5. The study is not confined to compare the various disabilities; The study is not confined to various types of disabilities because, the symptoms, degree of disability, impairments and handicaps are different but as a whole the discrimination is apparent to all the people irrespective of their disability.  Hence, it is also delimited.  The degree of discrimination is very much high in case of leprosy due to fear of disease.
6. The study is not confined to the age of below 18 years; The study is not confined to the age of below 18 years.  The respondent those who are below 18 years are still tender minded and unable to give proper responses even after heard the interview schedule the language which he understands better.  Further, the respondents above 18 years are considered for vocational training and employment in the rehabilitation centers5.  Why because, they are able to follow the instructions of the Instructor/Teacher while in training.  That is why; this is also delimited from the study.
7. The study is not confined to able-bodied; The study is not confined to able-bodied people because they are not considered for sampling.  Generally the disabled are prejudiced by the able-bodied in the society.  Further, they will not reveal the exact information about the stigma, bias, prejudice and discrimination they have about the disabled.
8. The study is not confined to mentally ill, speech deformities, learning disabilities, multiple disabilities: As specified in the PWD Act, 95 mental illnesses are also to be considered as disability, even after the bias as follows.  Mental illness has often been regarded as an “illness” rather than as a disability, in particular because it has been seen as a state that can be remedied and is of limited duration. However, there is now increased recognition that mental illness is a continuing condition, although often characterized by a fluctuating pattern which limits activity on an intermittent basis, in response to crises, rather than an ongoing basis. “Mental illness” is thus now generally accepted as a disability, and is increasingly labeled “psychiatric disability”. Hence, mental illness is delimited from this study.

2.8: Development Of Research Dimensions: The study of literature relating to a particular research is a comprehensive work involving two processes. The first is the picking up of related studies from different sources and the second is the preparation of a brief statement of the main features of these studies, which is otherwise known as summary of the studies. In the present research study, the researcher after review of above related literature and keeping in view of the research title tried to develop five dimensions: 

1. Socio-demographic specific (Age, Income, Family and Society), 
2. The disability specific (Causes and effects), 
3. Discrimination specific(Bias, Prejudice, Discrimination, Levels of Discrimination), 
4. Area of discrimination specific(Society Level: Family members, peer group, society, Institutional  Level: Place of Education, Place of Work, Administration, Place of rehabilitation) and Self discrimination;  and
5. The rehabilitation specific (Physical, Vocational, Economic, Social, CBR and other information). 

2.8.1: Socio-Demographic Specific: This dimension consists of statements pertaining to age, education, marital status, income, family, peer group, community and society as a whole.  These statements reveal the socio-demographic situation of the disabled. Age is an independent variable which states the age of the respondents. Income is also reveals the information about economic situation and relates the poverty.  How poverty is associated with the disability and disability associated with discrimination are also studied. Further, family members, information about peer group, information about community and how disabled discriminated in the society is also important variables to be considered in this specific.

2.8.2: Disability Specific: This dimension states that what are the disabilities and how they can be categorized and their intensity with reference to disabled.  It also infers, what are the reasons of the disability and its effects on disabled? How disfigurement leads to discrimination of disabled in the society are also to be studied.  With reference to the disability how disabled facing problems like, handicaps in the society are to be studied in this dimension. Ultimately, how a disabled shows his abilities and how he faces disabilities while performing certain function.  Ability is a means by which an individual performs certain functions and activities. Through physical/sensory or motor/gross abilities, human being activates and achieves excellence in different spheres. 

2.8.3: Discrimination Specific: This dimension clarifies the dependent/independent variables of discrimination such as, bias, prejudice and discrimination, segregation and exploitation of the disabled will be focused in the statements.

2.8.4: Areas Of Discrimination Specific: In this dimension the major areas where the disabled are discriminated will be focused in the shape of statements. Such as, society, institution and self are the major areas covered for the study.    

2.8.4.1: Society Level: Society covers the family, peer group, community as a whole. Therefore, the variables of these are extracted through the dependent variables in the statements for the study. How family members isolate, under estimate the abilities of the disabled and how they discriminate are covered.  With reference to peer group, how they isolate, frolic and discriminated the disabled are covered.  Ultimately, with reference to community, how community isolates the disabled, discriminated him also framed the statements.     

2.8.4.2: Institutional Level: In this dimension the investigator would like to know the Institutional Discrimination and the areas where the disabled are discriminated, particularly, place of education, place of work and administration, place of rehabilitation for the present study by means of statements for the subjects.

2.8.4.2.1: Discrimination In Place Of Education: The disabled are also facing adjustment problems with the classmates by means of isolation, non-cooperation and lagging behind in education, neglect, avoidance, etc are to be studied.

2.8.4.2.2 : Discrimination In Place Of Work: Everyone has to perform activities. Each individual is to do a work- physical or mental- leading to livelihood or economic gains. Some people do work to fulfill social obligation or as a hobby.   No body can live without work and everybody wants work. But, whether that work pays in economic terms or not is actually giving the actual meaning to work. A work is one that draws earnings and money in monetary terms. How a PWD discriminated by his colleagues at work is to be studied.

2.8.4.2.3 : Discrimination By Administration: This dimension frames the statements with regard to the administrative policies frames against the disabled. How an administration implement polices relating to disabled and what are the facilities they provide to the disabled are to be studied. And what type of attitude an employer has towards the abilities of PWD? Healthy attitude toward abilities of a PWD and vice – versa leads a decent life of PWD.

2.8.4.2.4 : Place Of Rehabilitation: The place of rehabilitation is also not spared by the discrimination. There are many evidences on discrimination in rehabilitation place.  

2.8.5: Self-discrimination: Self-discrimination/Self-devaluation is also an important variable to be studied which is to be understood how far a disabled adjusted with the society and with his disability is to be studied in this dimension.

2.8.6: Rehabilitation Specific: This dimension infers what are the schemes and facilities available in the state of Karnataka for disabled are the statements for the subjects. Whether rehabilitation professionals discriminate the disabled or not is also a question of study.  While, how far the disabled satisfied with the services available to them in the state are reflected in the form of statements.
 
2.9: Gaps In Research Of Social Discrimination Against PWD: The study of relevant research literature and reference material relating to this particular research study not only gives an insight to the researcher about the quantum of work done in the field but also enables to perceive the gaps and lapses of the researches concern. Accordingly, the study of related literature of the present investigation reveals the following gaps in research in the field of disability, discrimination and rehabilitation research and the discipline of Sociology, Social Work and Psychology and Social Psychology with specific reference to the PWD:

1. The researcher finds neglect of the area of social discrimination against the disabled  by  sociologists, social work professionals, psychologists and rehabilitation  professionals in India,
2. Research is found to be scarce on the process of identification of exact social discrimination traits/ negative variants against disabled,
3. More studies are available about discrimination against race, color, creed, religion, sex, etc whereas a few studies with reference to discrimination of disabled.
4. No grass root level agency/platform to provide and disseminate the information about the schemes and programs of the government.  This gap needs to be filled. 
5. Research is found to be scarce on the process of identification of social discrimination against disabled as a social problem rather than medical and psychological problem. 
6. It is found scarce that the exact scales of the social discrimination in the review of literature.  But, the scales of the prejudice from the social psychology, and causes of the discrimination are considered as scales of discrimination, especially the concept of social distance scales of prejudice.  While, social, physical, economical and environmental factors are considered as scales of social discrimination.
7. The researcher could not find supportive theories with regard to rehabilitation of disabled persons in social work methodology and sociology and psychological view.
8. The researcher could not found two extremes of social discrimination against disabled as demarcations.
9. The researcher could found with difficulty of conceptual support to prove that the social discrimination against the disabled as a social problem.
10. The researcher could found abundant support of literature relating to how disabled a burden over the social institutions.  Whereas he could not identified exact picture how a disabled as individual face a problem or discriminated by the social institutions in the society.  This is a very big gap to be bridged.

2.10:The Research Design: The design of a research is generally prepared taking into consideration of the nature and type of research. The present study being an experimental one and focuses upon in two phases i.e., firstly, the concepts of disability, discrimination and rehabilitation, social discrimination against disabled and secondly, the rehabilitation of disabled in Karnataka; the discrimination analysis and its influence over the persons with disabilities [PWD]. For the purpose of social discrimination and rehabilitation procedure are interactive words have been located while going through the research references and classified into five dimensions  as mentioned above in development of research design. 

The stages of design include:- 

1. choosing the important variables, 
2. developing appropriate tools and techniques, 
3. administering the tools on the subjects and 
4. To apply proper statistical procedures. 

2.11: Variables Of The Research: A variable is an empirical property that takes two or more values.  In other words, if a property can change in value or kind, it can be regarded as variable6.  “A variable is the term scientists apply to something that they think influences (or is influenced by something else.”7  “The independent variable is the variable that cases an effect.  The dependent variable is the variable that is affected.”8  “A variable is the term scientists apply to something that they think influences (or is influenced) by something else.”9

The dependent/independent variables of the study related are as under:     

1. client’s personal data specific;
2. Disability data specific;
3. family’s discrimination toward disabled;
4. peer’s discrimination toward disabled;
5. discrimination at work place toward disabled;
6. discrimination of community toward disabled;
7. discrimination of society as a whole toward  disabled;
8. institutional discrimination data specific, and
9. Self-discrimination toward his abilities and disabilities. 
10. Rehabilitation data specific;

Each dimensional dependent/independent variable is representing different dependent traits/variants randomly intermingled. Dimensions conceived for the present study are manipulative in nature and are chosen to find out social discrimination against the PWD.

2.12: Study Universe: “The aggregate of all cases that conform to some designated set of specifications is called the universe.”   “According to the estimates of the W.H.O. 10% of the population (world) has one or more physical or mental disabilities.   The present study is confined to Bangalore rural and urban Districts.  Population of these two districts is 65,23,110 and 18,77,416 respectively.  The total is 84,00,526. As per the Census of India 2001 (The First report on Disability) there were 9,40,643 disabled persons in Karnataka as against 2,19,06,769 disabled persons in India. In Karnataka the disabled population constitutes only 4.29% of the total disabled population of India. While, the total population of Bangalore rural and urban districts comprise 1,33,844 which occupies (app. 14.2%) out of total disabled population of Karnataka.   Keeping this big number in view it is intended to have 400 samples to the present study10. 

2.13: Sample Of The Study: This part contains the details relating to population for the study, characteristics of disabled population, selection of samples and different centers as source to collect data for the measurement of variables of this study.  

2.13.1: Definition of Sample: Sukhatme (1953) defined sampling as a method of selecting a fraction of the population in a way that the selected sample represents the population. Sample can be classified into probability and non-probability sample11. 

2.13.2: Population for the Study: The most significant decision preceding the collection of data pertains to demarcate the population and selecting a sample that should represent the population as truly as possible. Hence one needs to examine precisely the nature of population in terms of its size, geographical expansion and the characteristics which are vital to the phenomenon.  In a research study, concept of population does not essentially refer to the number of people living in geographical region. Instead, by population we mean an aggregate of events, ideas, objects and observations that could possibly exist or occur within a vortex of space and time. In the present study, the population of disabled people refers to the number of adults above the age of 18 years seeking rehabilitation services in the rehabilitation centers situated in Bangalore. 

2.13.3: Characteristics of the Disabled Population:

1. Geographical Socialization: It is the process in which different kinds of adult PWD tend to occupy different centers for rehabilitation purpose. 
2. Sex:  Both male and female were taken as the constituents of the population.
3. Age:  Population constituted adults in the age above 18 years.
4. Management of the Centers:  Population of the study is distributed among the Centers run by VRC, DWD, Special Employment Exchange for Physically Handicapped, NAB, APD, AMC, CIHI, Sumanahalli Leprosy center and Mobility India, etc. 
5. Area: The population is spread in different urban and sub-urban areas of Bangalore City. Considering the size of the population and nature of the present study, it is almost impossible to consider the whole of the population for the present study. Even otherwise the investigator can select a sample without vitiating the results, provided all the characteristics of the population are represented in the selected group of the subjects. It implies that the investigator should have a sample that represents the population fairly well, so that the observations regarding the phenomenon made on the sample could be generalized for the whole population. 

2.13.4: Method of Selection of Samples: PWD are the only samples from the selected Rehabilitation Centers (Government, NGO’s, etc). Also, employees from the central and state government and NGO are without repetition of the samples for the study.  The respondents will be selected by Categorized Accidental Sampling method from four categories of disabled i.e., Loco-motor Disabled, Visually Impaired, Hearing Impaired and Mentally Retarded and from different centers for the study.

For the present study the Non-Probability Categorized Accidental Sampling has been selected for the study for the following two purposes12:

1. Sampling of disabled persons for the selection of traits/variants.
2. Sampling of subjects for the observations.

2.13.5: Sampling of Subjects for the Research: The subjects of this study is PWD all over the Karnataka, but the rehabilitation centers situated in Bangalore city and its vicinity are rendering services to all the PWD who visits the centre for rehabilitation from all over Karnataka. Hence, the samples collected from these centers represent all the subjects of the state of Karnataka.   

2.13.6: Characteristics of the Sample

1. Sex:  Both male and female were selected as a sample.
2. Age:  18 year above PWD were selected from both sexes.
3. Management of the Centers:  Out of the selected Centers, each fell under the Central Government, State Government and Voluntary Organizations.
4. Area:  A sample of all centers ware selected which are situated in the main, central and outskirt of Bangalore City.

2.13.7: Size of the Sample:  PWD only the samples from the selected rehabilitation centers without repetition of the samples for the study. Keeping in view of the characteristics of the samples the respondents will be selected by Accidental Sampling method from four categories of disabled including male and female.  They are Loco-motor Disabled, Visually Impaired, Hearing Impaired and Mentally Retarded the distribution of PWD according to rehabilitation and service coverage area in Karnataka are mentioned in the below tables and figures.

2.14 : Tools Of Data Collection: The data will be collected by primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include interview schedules to each of the respondent in the study besides participant observation. The books, journals, websites and other literature would be relied upon for secondary sources. The research problem called for the administration of a number of tools to measure different variables involved in it. According to Bogardus, “Schedule is a form of abbreviated questions which the interviewer keeps with himself and fills out as he proceeds with his inquiry13”.  According to Good and Hatt say, “Schedule is the name usually applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled by an interviewer in a face to face situation with another     person14”.  Considering the availability, applicability and usability of the tools, the investigator of the present study have chosen interview schedule as a valid and reliable tool in English language under accidental method for this research study. 

2.15 : Method Of Data Collection:

1. Tools used for the Measurement of Variables:  The success of a research depends upon (a) how appropriately the tools are selected, (b) how scientifically the data collecting techniques are applied and (c) how adequately the relevant information is collected. As the present investigation is focusing on the social discrimination against the PWD in several dimensions, the investigator decided to use the following tools and techniques: 
2. Description of Technique:  The present interview schedule consists of 50 statements in 5 dimensions to be responded. Each statement represents a trait bearing an affinity with the discrimination having the chances to be responded according to the variables. The instructions to the respondent are to read a statement and give his/her response on the interview schedule provided to him to mark the answer in brackets. In case the respondent is unable to read the interview schedule then he shall be heard of the statements to him in language he understand better and at the same time the investigator/attendant marks  his answers in the brackets.
3. How to Reply?  Give your reply by marking the variable number in the given interview schedule therein.  The available literature on the subjects related to disability was thoroughly reviewed and it was found that no social discrimination scale is available in this field that can focus upon various aspects of disabilities for which PWD might be facing negative attitudes by general people. Hence, interview schedule prepared with the input from disabled persons, review of literature and rehabilitation professionals/personnel and social contact scale of prejudice. The following is manipulative scale for the study:
4. Scale of Social Discrimination: Difference (bias, stereotype, stigma) → Affective → Prejudice (negative behavior) →Discrimination (negative action) → Deviation → Exploitation.  This may be adopted and data collected to know the negative traits or variants against the PWD. This scale manipulated basing on the concept of social distance theory of Bogardus15.

2.16 : Research Area Of The Study: The topic of the study demands adequate representation of disabled persons. Since the idea was to study the effect of discrimination against PWD and their rehabilitation in Karnataka. Hence the study will be carried out in the state of Karnataka especially the rehabilitation centers established by Government and non-Government organizations working for the welfare of disabled in Bangalore.   The respondents will be selected from the above said organizations for the study. The disabled people visit the rehabilitation centers established in Bangalore are selected as respondents for the study who come from all over the Karnataka to get the rehabilitation services. Therefore the research area restricted to the centers established by Government of India (VRC), Government of Karnataka (DWD, Spl Employment Exchange for PH) and other N.G.Os (APD, NAB, CISHI, AMC, Sumanahalli Leprosy center, and Mobility India) in Bangalore. 

2.17 : Statistical Procedure: Soon after collecting the data, the interview schedules will be edited and scrutinized.  All the schedules are thoroughly checked to see whether they are properly filled in or not.  Later, the code-book is prepared and with the help of it, the verbal responses are transformed into numerical on the master-sheet.  With the help of this master sheet all the variable codes are entered into computer to get frequency tables, cross-tables and graphs are prepared. All these tables will be analyzed and interpreted.  

2.18 : Hypothesis Testing: To test the hypotheses, required statistical tests are conducted.  A descriptive and comparative method (amongst four categories of disabled) is followed in data analysis and content analysis with reference to secondary data will be analyzed in the particular chapter in analysis sections. The following statistical procedures are adopted at the time of data analysis:

a) The raw scores collected from the sample 400 PWD are tabulated. 

b) Then their cumulative frequency distribution tables are prepared.

c) Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Cross-tables is prepared.

d) The data collected of this study is analyzed chapter-wise.

e) ‘Chi-square ( 2) test for ‘goodness-of-fit’ is applied to check the relativity of variables of hypothesis of the required statement. 

f) Its frequency distribution tables and bar graphs are also used/developed in case of statements wherein necessary;

Present study is one of the diversified studies in the field of Sociology and the Rehabilitation is a method and principle of field of Social Work.  This effort would help to have some important intuitions in the field of the problems of disabled. 

2.19: References:

1. Kothari C.R, 2009: “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques”, New Delhi, New Age International Publishers, p-184.
2. Lal Das D.K, 2005: “Designs of Social Research”, Jaipur, Rawat Publications, p-32.
3. James W. Vander Zanden, 1990: “Sociology: The Core”, New York, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, p-16.
4. PWD Act, 1995.
5. National Employment Service Manual, Government of India, Directorate General of Employment, New Delhi, 2001, p.118.
6. Nachmias, D. and Nachmias, C., 1981: “Research Methods in Social Sciences”, New York, St Martin’s Press, p-1.
7. James W. Vander Zanden. Op.cit., p-16.
8. James W. Vander Zanden. Op.cit., p-16.
9. James W. Vander Zanden, op.cit., p-16.
10. Census of India, 2001: “The first report on Disability”, New Delhi, Publications Division, p-1,2,7,39,145, 148.
11. Sukhatme, P.V., 1953: “Sampling Theory of Surveys with Applications”, New Delhi, Society of Agricultural Statistics, p-47.
12. ibid. 
13. Myneni S.R., 2008: “Text Book on Sociology”, Faridabad, Allahabad Law Agency, p-63.
14. ibid, p-63.
15. Comton B.R., and Galaway Burt., 1979: “Social Work Process”, Illinois, The Dorsey Press, p.223.